Biology

Biology calculators for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Punnett squares, DNA/protein molecular weight, PCR, and enzyme kinetics.

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Calculate concentration from absorbance using the Beer-Lambert law (A = εlc). Also computes transmittance.

Calculate cell doubling time, growth rate, and generation count from optical density measurements over time.

Calculate colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL) from colony count, dilution factor, and volume plated.

Calculate the molecular weight of DNA or RNA from nucleotide count and type (dsDNA, ssDNA, ssRNA).

Calculate reaction velocity from Vmax, Km, and substrate concentration using the Michaelis-Menten equation.

Calculate genotype frequencies (p², 2pq, q²) from allele frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation.

Calculate cell concentration (cells/mL) from hemocytometer counts, number of squares, and dilution factor.

Calculate melting temperature (Tm), GC content, and annealing temperature for PCR primers.

Estimate protein molecular weight from amino acid count and post-translational modifications.

Calculate offspring genotype and phenotype ratios from parent genotypes using a Punnett square for monohybrid crosses.