Lithic Reduction Sequence Calculator
Classify a stone flake into reduction stages based on platform type, cortex, and dorsal scar attributes.
About this calculator
This calculator classifies a single flaked-stone artifact into a reduction stage using a weighted rubric built from six diagnostic attributes commonly recorded in lithic analysis: Platform Angle, Platform Width, Dorsal Scar Count, Cortex Coverage, Length:Width Ratio, and Bulb Prominence. Each attribute contributes points toward a Stage Score out of 100, and the labeled bands -- Early Reduction, Middle Reduction, Late Reduction, and Biface Thinning -- follow the general vocabulary used across lithic technology texts to describe a core's progression from initial decortication toward finished, thinned tools. Cortex Coverage carries the single largest weight in this rubric (up to 25 of the 100 points) because retained cortex -- the weathered outer rind of the parent stone -- is one of the most widely used field indicators that a flake was struck early in reduction, before the cortex was fully removed.
This is a simplified point-weighted heuristic, not a validated statistical model calibrated against an excavated assemblage: it does not account for raw material quality, knapper skill, curation and rejuvenation flakes that can reset or blur these attributes, or the considerable overlap real assemblages show between adjacent stages. Two flakes with quite different individual measurements can land in the same labeled stage simply because their weighted totals land in the same band, so this tool is best used as a quick screening aid alongside -- never a replacement for -- full attribute analysis by a trained lithic analyst.
Inputs
Results
Reduction Stage
Late Reduction (finishing)
Likely Technology
Soft Hammer / Pressure
How to Use This Calculator
- Enter Platform Angle, Platform Width, and Dorsal Scar Count.
- Set Cortex Coverage, Length:Width Ratio, and Bulb Prominence.
- Review Reduction Stage and Likely Technology.
- Use Stage Score (/100) to inform your decision.
- Use the chart to visualize the results and explore different scenarios by adjusting inputs.
What each input means
- Platform Angle
- Angle between platform and dorsal surface.
- Platform Width
- Width of the striking platform.
- Dorsal Scar Count
- Number of flake scars on the dorsal surface.
- Cortex Coverage
- Percentage of dorsal surface covered by cortex.
- Length:Width Ratio
- Flake length divided by width.
- Bulb Prominence
- 1=diffuse/absent, 5=very prominent bulb of percussion.
How this is calculated
Worked example, using the default values
- Identify Input Parameters4 parametersPlatform Angle = 75, Platform Width = 12, Dorsal Scar Count = 3, Cortex Coverage = 20 = 6 input(s) provided
- Calculate Reduction StageLate Reduction (finishing) = Late Reduction (finishing)
- Calculate Likely TechnologySoft Hammer / Pressure = Soft Hammer / Pressure
- Calculate Stage ScoreStage Score45 = 45
Engine last updated . Checked against 2 independently-derived tests — how we verify calculators. Built by Paul Gunder, a software engineer, not a licensed financial, medical, or legal professional.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does Cortex Coverage carry more potential points than the other attributes?
Cortex Coverage alone can add up to 25 of the rubric's 100 points -- the largest single allocation of the six attributes -- reflecting how strongly retained cortex (the weathered outer rind of the parent stone) is treated as an early-reduction indicator across lithic analysis generally, even though this particular point weighting is this calculator's own simplified scheme, not a universal standard.
Does a higher Dorsal Scar Count always push the score toward later reduction?
Yes -- raising Dorsal Scar Count never increases the Stage Score across its full 0-20 range; it only holds steady or lowers it, since more prior flake removals visible on the dorsal face is a classic sign that a piece has already been worked further along the reduction sequence, not that it's still an early, unmodified flake.
Can two flakes with very different Platform Widths get the same label?
Yes -- Stage Score is a sum across six weighted attributes, so a narrow platform on one flake can be offset by, say, high Cortex Coverage or a prominent bulb of percussion on another, landing both in the same labeled band even though their platforms look nothing alike. The label reflects the total score, not any single measurement in isolation.
Is Bulb Prominence scored the same way as the bucketed attributes?
No -- most attributes here award points in discrete bands (for example, Platform Width only jumps in value past 8 mm and again past 15 mm), but Bulb Prominence scales continuously and linearly across its 1-5 range, so every one-point increase in prominence raises the Stage Score by the same fixed amount rather than jumping at a threshold.
Does this calculator follow one specific published typology?
It approximates general terminology used across lithic technology literature -- early/middle/late reduction, biface thinning, hard-hammer versus soft-hammer/pressure technology -- but the specific point-weighted formula behind the Stage Score is this calculator's own simplified heuristic, not a citation-validated statistical model, so treat its output as a rough guide rather than a formal classification.
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