Developer Tools Calculator

Protocol Overhead reduces Effective Speed below your stated Download Speed -- real network transfers never achieve their full theoretical rate because of TCP/IP headers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions -- and Download Time is your total file size in bits divided by that reduced Effective Speed, so a higher overhead percentage stretches out the estimated time even though your raw connection speed hasn't changed.

Base64 encoding packs every 3 raw bytes of input into 4 printable output characters (since 4 characters at 6 usable bits each cover the same 24 bits as 3 bytes at 8 bits each), so the encoded size is exactly 4/3 of the original -- a fixed 33% inflation baked into how the encoding scheme works, not an estimate that varies with the data being encoded.

KiB (kibibyte) uses binary units -- powers of 1024 -- which is how operating systems and this calculator's binary output columns actually measure storage, while KB in the decimal-SI sense uses powers of 1000, which is how hard drive and cloud storage marketing typically labels capacity. The two scales diverge more as the numbers grow, which is why a "1 TB" drive shows up as roughly 931 GiB of usable space in a file browser.

Yes, holding Height and Diagonal Size fixed: PPI is the Pythagorean diagonal of Width and Height in pixels divided by the physical Diagonal Size in inches, so a wider pixel count at the same physical screen size packs more pixels into the same space and raises PPI. In practice, changing only Width without adjusting Diagonal Size describes an unrealistically stretched panel, but the formula's math still moves in that direction.

It applies a fixed, typical compression ratio (about 80% size reduction for text-like data, 40% for binary data) to your Original Size rather than running a real compression pass over your actual bytes -- genuine gzip compression varies widely with how repetitive the real content is, so treat this as a rough planning estimate, not a guarantee of the compressed size you'll actually get.